Sunday, May 31, 2020

Sword Sunday #22: "The cutter", the Indian Khanda

You know a blade is mission focused when its actually named 'cutter', and for all intents and purposes, that is what the Khanda's name means. Derived from the Sanskrit word khaḍga, which literally translates to "To break, to divide, cut, or destroy", the Khanda's design puts one every ounce of its manufacture into making the most out of its powerful cutting blow. 

Rajput Khanda.jpg
A historical Kanda

Kanda's are characterized by their long flat blade that actually broadens at the end, and the bar guard in front of the grip to protect the hand. The weapon has no piercing ability, and no intent for one, Rather the leading and back edges are sharp, though some designs have parts of the back flattened in order to offer a place grip or push. While the blade length varies from weapon to weapon, contemporary drawings of it show blade to be nominally the length of a man's arm, roughly 90cm or just under three feet.  

A late 17th century Kanda

Kanda's are believed to have evolved from broadswords of the 1st and 2nd centuries, but contemporary illustrations and carvings ranging from 250AD to 600AD clearly depict soldiers wielding Kanda style weapons. 

It is popularly believed that the weapon's thickened back end and blunt hand spot were instituted by Prithviraj Chauhan (1178–1192 CE ),  king during the  Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty.

The Kanda was considered the staple infantryman's weapon on the Indian subcontinent until the end of the 1500s, when the balance of power had shifted towards cavalry and bow enough to favor lighter, faster weapons, a shift that would ultimately end with early eastern firearms overtaking the battlefield. 


His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Sword Sunday #21: A non-metal sword: The Macuahuitl

When you are talking about sword, it is easy to skip over the Americas. And, under the strictest definition of the word "Sword", that is not uncalled for. Native Americans at the time of Columbus had little in the way of metalworking technology, and nothing that could be considered a proto-industry in it. When compared to countries in Europe at, the end of the 15th century, who fast embracing matchlock firearms and articulated body army for regular infantry, it is tempting to say that there were no swords in the Americas, at least not before Columbus, and consequently move on. 
comprar macuahuitl - Buscar con Google (con imágenes) | Aztecas ...
But that does not tell the whole story. If we look past the construction of a sword, towards its purpose, we do, in fact, find a capable, and indeed deadly contender for the name.
Macuahuitl: Aztec Wooden 'Paddles' Are Obsidian Swords, Sharper ...

Where metal was lacking, or unknown, skilled woodworkers would fashion long paddle-like weapons made of the native hardwoods, and on each edge above the handle would be cut a groove. Inside that, and set in bitumen (A naturally occurring glue), would be shaped chunks of obsidian. Togeather, this was the Macuahuitl. 

Buy a Macuahuitl Online - Aztec Style - All Things Aztec!

With an edge harder than glass, and sharper than a steel razor blade, The Macuahuitl left a stark impression on early Europeans who sat it in action. Reports from early explorers and soldiers in the region reported that the stone edged weapon was able to decapitate a horse, or man, or to cleave an arm or leg in like fashion.  Examples recorded from period show men holding these weapons one-handed with a shield in the other, or much longer versions of them being held two-handed. The weapon's weight and power lent itself towards a hard cleaving blow, but it could also be drug across the skin of a target opening it up like a saw blade.

Improvised Stone Sword/Macuahuitl : SCUMgame

The precise origins of the Macuahuitl are hard to pinpoint, but it was most readily identified with the Aztec, who's militaristic culture put the weapon to good use. The use of obsidian as a cutting tool dates back millennium in the Americas, and historians differ as to what culture (or cultures) firs made the dedicated weapon part of their arsenal. 
Aztec Warriors (Eagle Warrior at the left and Jaguar Warrior at the right)
brandishing a macuahuitl (a wooden club with sharp obsidian blades).


The last actual macuahuitl  was destroyed in 1884 in a fire in the Real Armería (museum) in Madrid. Though artisans, archaeologists, and historians have worked to reproduce weapons in the centuries since. 

A drawing from the Catalog of the Royal Armoury of Madrid by the medievalist Achille Jubinal in the 19th century. 

 Though feared, and respected, Spanish officers of the day noted that their native american reserves preferred European swords when they had the chance to use them. Though, it was also pointed out the natives were usually forbade from having those weapons as they were considered too prestigious to give to a non-European. 

The macuahuitl  was documented as in use as far south as modern day Argentina at the time of the Spanish conquest of south america, and as far north as modern day Mexico. 

While not a true sword, even by academic metrics, the native american weapon of choice for close combat was none the less fearsome, and effective, very much like its counterparts in the rest of the world at the time. 

His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Sword Sunday #20: The balance of power (two quick case studies)

This post is here because of a striking contrast in conversations had almost 2000 miles apart in the same month. 

Some time after 2pm in Cardiff, the capitol city of Wales,  Lennon Thomas went out on a walk. But, unlike most pedestrians in the country that day, he decided to liven things up. The avid D&D fan put on full costume, including a dark cloak with a fake fur hood, finished the ensemble off with a prop (non-metallic) sword. 

The Dungeons and Dragons fan, above, insisted 'I am no idiot for simply enjoying myself and practicing for my hobby'

The gamer history lover, and admitted geek was fully self-aware of how off the wall his fun-loving foolishness was, and even joked with several passers' by that if he were in american, he would probably have been shot to death by then. 

fortune being the fickler mistress that it is, someone didn't find his costume as 'good humored' as he did, and an emergency call was placed to the local constabulary. With the report of someone armed with a sword, the local police firearms unit was dispatched.

Armed with modern weapons, body armor, and extensive marksmanship training rivaling most front-line soldiers, the unit quickly arrived on the scene and confronted the man, weapons drawn. 

As fortune would have it, training and good judgement worked together to defuse the situation before anything more dramatic could happen.  

When confronted by law enforcement, Lennon quickly complied with instructions, and made it clear he was in costume and that he had no intention of doing anyone any harm. Furthermore, the police quickly realized that the prop weapon was about as dangerous as a kitchen frying pan for all of the edge if carried. 

Once everyone realized that no one wanted to hurt anyone else, things calmed down down markedly,  and the police even posted for some photos with the man, but not before politely admonishing him that 'maybe' the sword needed to stay at home next time. 

Armed police swooped on a 'suspicious swordsman' they feared would launch an attack - only to find it was a man dressed as a knight out on his daily exercise
Now, as much as we want to talk about swords on here, I'd like to also talk about what a sword means in a modern context.

For Lennon, the sword is a fun invocation of adventure, thrills, and the benchmark of a good adventure story. 

For the at least one resident, however, (whoever made the call to police), the sword represented something at what was, at the minimum, out of place enough to be potentially dangerous. 

For the police, who admittedly have to be ready for anything, it meant enough of a shift in the balance of power that rather than a normal patrolman (who would be unarmed), they opted to dispatch a unit that would be considered a SWAT team by american standards. 

Police were left bemused when they discovered that the man was out for a walk in his fancy dress knight costume at Hendre Lake, in St Mellons, Cardiff

As good as it may be to look at the smile on this officer's face (and be glad that everyone walked away smiling and unhurt), lets take a look at the hardware these men brought to he situation.

His right hand is resting on the grip (finger of the trigger) of a German-made G3 Rifle, chambered in 5.56mm. Its fitted with a folding stock, and a ACOG scope. One round from this weapon could very likely punch through even the thickest combat fielded body armor of the 'middle ages' (300-1600 BCE). Anything sort of Kevlar, or a quarter of an inch of hardened steel would not stop a round like this, and if (somehow) someone were kitted out with a plate carrier rated for NATO standard ammo, there is no doubt that this man could shift fire down to a leg or knee if needed, or just aim for a head or face. 

You'll note the bright yellow spot on his chest, that is the grip of a Tazer style stun weapon, usually ranged for 20 or 30 feet, depending on how long the wires are on the dart. 

On his right leg is a drop down holster. I don't know what the pistol type is, but its most likely chambered in 9mm (a common European pistol ammo), or perhaps .357 or 40 caliber. Both would make short work of all but the heaviest historical plate armor. 

If you look behind the officer, to the man facing right of frame here, you'll see the top of a 'riot gun' type weapon. Nominally called a 'grenade launcher', and capable of firing a number of large projectiles, including smoke and tear gas grenades, as well as 'bean bag' kinetic energy rounds designed to stun a target rather than kill them. One of those to the chest, even with a well made coat of plates or breastplate could easily impart enough kick to knock someone off balance, or make them drop their weapon. 

I can't tell if the vests they are wearing are formal plate carriers or not, but the helmets and rigs would clearly offer some level of protect against a sword strike, through clearly not absolute. 

Half  a world away, on May 5th, in Los Vagas Navada, two patrol officers were called to the scene of an apartment complex with reports of someone holding a sword, yelling at people, and threatening passers by. 

The sword-wielding man was fatally shot Tuesday after allegedly advancing toward Las Vegas police officers, authorities said. (Las Vegas Metropolitan Police)
The Officer tried to talk with the subject, seen here at the top of the stairs. 

Officer Vincent Segura was the one who approached the subject, and in the police body-cam video you can see that he does everything he can do from a safe distance to talk with he subject, try and engage with him, and try to calm him down. 

The body camera video released this week clearly shows that the officers tried to talk with the man in a clam, engaging voice for a minute and thirty seconds before the subject suddenly escalates, coming down the stairs, sword in hand, yelling "shot me!" several times. 

The officer retreats with this action, his weapon how drawn and online as he tries to give the man as much space as he can without turning his back to the threat. Finally, the subject, who was then yelling "Run!" as he charged the offer came close enough that his katana type sword was about to be within  striking range, and the officer fired in self defense.  

Police said the man lunged at officers while police were trying to de-escalate a disturbance call at an apartment. (Las Vegas Metropolitan Police via AP)
A still image from the officer's body camera,
taken only a second before the officer fired his weapon. 

After hitting the man three times and dropping him, the officer radioed for help and administered emergency medical aid to the subject in an attempt to save his life. Unfortunately, the subject was pronounced dead at a local hospital a short time later.

In the aftermath of the shooting, information came to light that the subject had a history that included confrontations with the police, and indications of possible mental illness.The shooting is being investigated by the police department, and the results are pending. 

It should be pointed out that in this second scenario, the officer was not in heavy tactical gear, and not wearing head protection. His only weapon was his sidearm, which in the video appears to be a Glock 17, 9mm. Three rounds of which, fired into the center body mass of the subject, were able to deliver lethal damage. 

For these two vastly different incidents the "take-away's are several.

  • While antiquated as a primary weapon, the sword and its relatives are still respected, and feared weapons, able to shift the balance of power in a fight quickly, and even lethally. Its display in a modern setting is enough to justify the deployment (if not necessarily use) of a firearm, a grim nod to the respect the sword still holds. 
  • The traits that first let the firearm replace the spear and sword on the battlefield hold true today, with sidearms and long-arms able to deal out lethal damage faster, farther, and more quickly than any bladed weapon.  
  • Both weapons are meant to improve upon the abilities of an open-handed fighter, giving range and increased legality, and as such, each one represents an evolutionary step in the overall story of  human combat. Echoes of that are seen in each story here. 
  • Finally, both weapon types, sword and firearm, demand discipline, judgment, of anyone who wishes to use them. 

References:






His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Sword Sunday: Bonus post

So, in celebration of my pending 20th post, I'm taking a moment to talk a little bit about all that we've covered here so far

I kicked things off with an off the wall idea, that actually has a practical military application. 

As much as I wanted this to be apolitical, there are some levels of stupidity that are self evident, and when Andrew Klavan ran his mouth, I was honor bound to put my own take on the argument that  'women can't sword fight'.

I took the opportunity to use some legal foolery as a platform to talk about katanas, judicial combat, and honor duels. 

This was just a good, old fashioned mystery with a cool story behind it. 

This was more a tale about the person than the sword, but also highlighted how even replica swords have standards they can be held to. 

A architectural mishap was the perfect chance for me to talk about the the mythological figure, and the evolution of swords as a concept. 

A rusty word found in England offered a fascinating window into the culture of a Gaelic mercenary band from the later middle ages. 

This was my first serious study of a type of weapon, and I really enjoyed talking about this lesser known civilian's weapon. 

Ironically, the battle in question didn't even involve swords, but this was my chance to go a secular breakdown of one of the oldest surprise military raids even hinted at in military history. 

Again, I really like connecting things to the modern day, and this bit of costume goofyness on the part of a drug dealer was a good opportunity to talk about how men with money also help shape what swords are made. 

I wanted to do this one ever since I started this project, and this was my opportunity. Part sword, part spear, all killing machine, I really enjoyed dong this technical and historical breakdown of my favorite pole-arm. 

In Finland, you get a sword when you get your doctorate... who knew?

This was another weapon's breakdown where I wanted to look for something a little different. This weapon from the Indian subcontinent left its mark in its time, and was respected by those who used it, and faced it. 

I honestly didn't know that much about Ethiopian weapons when I started researching this article, so the shotel was a fascinating discovery for me, as well as fun to write. 

Just in time for Easter, I wanted to talk about the backbone of the Egyptian army.

Really, I avoided this topic for a few weeks because I didn't think I could say much that the papers hadn't said already, but then I realized that putting the age of this weapon in context was eye opening in its own right. 

The western name for one of the largest types of eastern swords, I really enjoyed putting this classic and iconic family of blades in context. 

It looks like the Japanese have a few of their own keepsakes tucked away in old places, and this one offers a bookend to a fascinating piece of weapons history. 

When I saw this bit of news, I knew I had to write about it. Science simply can't get any cooler than when guys in lab coats make you bronze weapons and then tell you "hit things with this!"









His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Sword Sunday #19: Hitting things... for science.

As much as we love to talk about old swords, one of the drawbacks to the really old ones is understanding them the same way we understand their younger ancestors. 

Lets face it, when you're talking about something like a 900 year old Kohoki from Japan, its understood that the there are records talking about its use, associated training, manufacture, cost, and effectiveness. But, when you're looking at something like a bronze sword forged during the dawn of civilization, records like that just don't exist anymore, if they ever did to begin with. 

The resulting gap in information has lead to a lot of conjecture, and some researchers have even postulated that bronze swords were more figurative or ceremonial than practical as weapons. 

The idea is not without merit. A number of melee weapons have long and storied histories of being impressive visual displays, and excellent tools for directing battle without ever really being used to directly kill people. The Japanese katana was one such weapon for the last part of its life, being carried by officers in the imperial army until their final defeat in 1945. Another was British sergeant's Spontoon, a short spear carried through the height of the 'redcoat' British colonial era. Both weapons were potentially lethal, but for the times noted here, were never really intended to engage in direct combat, but rather to direct, and inspire others. 

Still, even this idea, no matter how grounded and reserved it may be, is little more than conjecture. Scientists, researchers, and authorities were looking back in time and trying to reason out what they thought should have happened, and doing so through the lens of personal biases and modern sensibilities, an imperfect solution to be sure. 

The single largest hurdle isn't necessarily a lack of information, but an inability to understand it. There are actually a lot of swords surviving today from most of the periods of human history, and over a hundred examples made in bronze. The problem is that as sword-fighting evolved with better metals, so did the metals themselves. Swords got lighter, faster, and sharper, dictating that the methods used to wield them changed as well.

While we have an excellent understanding of medieval and Renaissance sword technique (Thanks in large part to actual written manuals on the subjects), the further back we go, the less information there is. With bronze metal being so much softer, and heavier, we can't even really transfer what we know from the marks and damage taken by iron or steel swords, because there is almost no credible overlap in the materials or techniques. 

Five researchers finally found a way to bridge that gap in our knowledge, and offer scientific evidence to support the argument that not only were bronze swords intended to be used as weapons, but they were so used with sophistication and power. 

Raphael Hermann, Andrea Dolfini, Rachel J. Crellin, Quanyu Wang & Marion Uckelmann commissioned modern metalworkers to produce several examples of bronze swords using historical materials and technique.

 
Fig. 1
a Group IV rapier (658 mm, 565.0 g). 
b Kemenczei type S Vollgriffschwert (595 mm, 938.2 g). 
c Wilburton type sword (562 mm, 511.5 g). 
d Carp’s Tongue type sword (745 mm, 761.5 g). 
e Ewart Park type sword, the two nearest the bottom were used for the actualistic tests
(top 658 mm, 701.4 g; middle 696 mm, 753.0 g; bottom 695 mm, 752.1 g)



They then employed local sword-fighting clubs to put the blades through their paces with drills, strikes, stabs, and multiple other types of blows. The goal was not to prove they could be used, so much as to offer compelling factual evidence that their historical counterparts were used that way. By taking a detailed, and specific inventories of the damage each example took throughout the testing period, the researchers could then compare that marks, dents, and deformations to historical bronze swords. 
Fig. 3
Controlled Weapons Test


figure4
Actualistic weapon tests: final stance of the fifth play
figure6
Controlled weapon test 31e.4: long spearhead (on a short shaft) vs dynamic sword edge parry. 

Swords were struck and stabbed against other swords, shield edges, spear hafts, and thrust directly into shields, each impact leaving its mark on the blades. The deformation, dents, bends, nicks, and scrapes were carefully recorded, measured, and cataloged, including where they happened, and how. 

The results, (pardon the pun), are striking. 

The damage taken by each of the blades was found to closely match marks on historical weapons, indicating that those weapons saw actual combat, and not just general wear and tare over 2 or 3 millennium. The information they gathered offers compelling arguments that many of the bronze swords we have examples of from Greece, Egypt, and before had seen regular, and well practiced use in combat. 

Just one example shows the bend in a blade after one specific striking test. The deflection is significant because it is almost identical to a historical weapon at a museum. 

Fig. 17
Replica sword used in controlled weapon test 01k. Note the 10° curvature from the original weapon axis


Fig. 18

Archaeological sword ID 71. Note the 10° curvature similar


The results also note that if we accept that the marks they documented indicate combat damage on museum pieces, many of those pieces look like they were used with similar techniques and against similar types of equipment. 

"The dings were so consistent among swords from roughly the same time and place that it seems impossible the fighters were just swinging wildly" Hermann said in an interview for Science Magazine. “In order to fight the way the marks show,” he added, “there has to be a lot of training involved.”

Their paper goes into a highly in-depth analysis of not only the dents and bends, but the type of microscopic marks on the newly forged blades that, when compared to historical ones indicate some had some cold-forge work done to them, while others did not. 

But the major take away here is that the paper offers highly compelling evidence that not only were bronze swords used in combat, but they were so used with skill, training, and precision.

Christian Horn, a scientists who was not involved in the project, none the less spoke glowingly of its final product. For him, the research is one of the first of its type, offering offer an empirical mode of inquiry into a topic once dominated by speculation.

Barry Molloy, an archaeologist at University College Dublin (also nor part of the research group, but involved in the same field of research) summarized it with "“This is a turning point—it lets us study what kind of actions were avoided and what risks you could take with a bronze sword,” he told Science Magazine. “This shows that yes, they were used, and they were used skillfully.”

Further information on this research can be found in The Smithsonian Magazine, and the Magazine Science

Article citation:
Hermann, R., Dolfini, A., Crellin, R.J. et al. 
Bronze Age Swordsmanship: New Insights from Experiments and Wear Analysis. 
J Archaeol Method Theory (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-020-09451-0

#Swordsunday is intended as a fun and educational series of posts for the enjoyment of readers. 


His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Sword Sunday #18: Another attic, another old sword, and this is is just as awesome.

Well, it looks like we've come full circle here when it comes to old swords in interesting places. First, we talked about a Union Cavalry Saber from the civil war found in a Virginian church.  Then, we talked about a old mercenary's sword found in an attic in the UK. Then, a college student realized that a 'medieval' sword in a monastery was actually older than the great pyramid.

What's next?

Full Sword
The kohoki blade is believed to be from the 12th century.

Well, not to be outdone, residents at the Kasuga Taisha shrine in Japan found a rusty sword in the building's attic back in 1993. While the discovery is 27 years old, it was only recently that the weapon was properly cleaned and restored in a traditional ceremony that only takes place every two decades. The style of the weapon, as well as characteristics of its construction lead historians in Japan to believe the weapon was made during the Heian period (794-1185), and given to the shrine as a gift several centuries later, possibly during the Nanboku-cho Period (1336-1392), or perhaps the later Muromachi Period (1338-1573)

In either event, this discovery is moments because the sword while the sword has the characteristics of a Katana (The 32-inch sword is actually known as a kohoki, one of the early types int he broad katana family), its age would make it the oldest surviving such blade of that type. The weapons curve is one of the most telling traits, since Japanese swords are not forged with eh curve, but rather it is created as part of the differential hardening process that helps to both give the blade its razors' edge, and give the sword's spine its strength.

To put this in perspective, the Samurai, perhaps the most iconic class of warriors to ever wield a sword of any type in Japan, first rose into national prominence during the Kamakura period (1185–1333). They would remain a cornerstone of Japanese political, social, and military culture until their were disbanded in 1870. As a class , the Samurai existed contemporary to (but obviously had no contact with) king John of England (reign 1199 - 1216), made famous, or infamous by the Robin Hood fables, until the incorporation of Standard Oil by John D Rockefeller in 1870, 5 years after the end of the American Civil War

A total span of  670 years.

This sword is possibly a hundred years older than the Samurai. 

While there are a large number of historical artifacts and relics from most of Japanese history, this sword, if the age is accurate, would be the oldest existing example of the single blade, deferentially-hardened style that marked the transition from the Jian, straight bladed weapon. As an artifact, it is hoped that it will provide additional information into that period of Japanese metalwork and blade smoothing, and as a cultural point, for a nation that is as strongly linked with a sword type as it is at a cultural level, the local community will undoubtedly welcome the relic into their ever growing historical narrative.

His Lordship Ivo Blackhawk
Kingdom of Ansteorra
"Long Live the King!"